How Do I Get a Social Security Number for My New Baby?

Ix-digit number issued to U.S. citizens and permanent residents

In the United States, a Social Security number (SSN) is a nine-digit number issued to U.Southward. citizens, permanent residents, and temporary (working) residents under section 205(c)(2) of the Social Security Human activity, codification as 42 U.S.C. § 405(c)(2). The number is issued to an individual by the Social Security Administration, an independent bureau of the United states government. Although the original purpose for the number was for the Social Security Administration to runway individuals,^[1] the Social Security number has become a de facto national identification number for taxation and other purposes.^[2]

A Social Security number may be obtained by applying on Form SS-5, Application for a Social Security Number Carte du jour.^[three]

History [edit]

Social Security numbers were showtime issued by the Social Security Administration in November 1935 as role of the New Bargain Social Security program. Within three months, 25 million numbers were issued.^[4]

On November 24, 1936, i,074 of the nation's 45,000 mail offices were designated "typing centers" to type up Social Security cards that were then sent to Washington, D.C. On December 1, 1936, as part of the publicity campaign for the new program, Joseph L. Fay of the Social Security Assistants selected a tape from the top of the first stack of 1,000 records and announced that the first Social Security number in history was assigned to John David Sweeney, Jr., of New Rochelle, New York. Withal, since the Social Security numbers were not assigned in chronological order, Sweeney did not receive the lowest Social Security number, 001-01-0001. That stardom belongs to Grace D. Owen of Concord, New Hampshire.^{[5] [half-dozen]}

Before 1986, people ofttimes did not obtain a Social Security number until the age of near xiv,^[7] since the numbers were used for income tracking purposes, and those under that age seldom had substantial income.^[viii] The Tax Reform Deed of 1986 required parents to listing Social Security numbers for each dependent over the age of five for whom the parent wanted to claim a tax deduction.^[9] Before this act, parents claiming tax deductions were but trusted not to lie near the number of children they supported. During the first year of the Tax Reform Act, this anti-fraud change resulted in vii million fewer minor dependents existence claimed. The disappearance of these dependents is believed to have involved either children who never existed or revenue enhancement deductions improperly claimed by non-custodial parents.^[10] In 1988, the threshold was lowered to two years old, and in 1990, the threshold was lowered yet again to one year old.^[11] Today, an SSN is required regardless of the child's age to receive an exemption.^{[ citation needed ]} Since and then, parents have ofttimes applied for Social Security numbers for their children presently after birth; today, it can be done on the application for a birth certificate.^[12]

Purpose and employ [edit]

The original purpose of this number was to track individuals' accounts inside the Social Security program. It has since come to be used as an identifier for individuals within the U.s.a., although rare errors occur where duplicates do exist. A few duplications did occur when prenumbered cards were sent out to regional SSA offices and (originally) post offices.

Employee, patient, student, and credit records are sometimes indexed past Social Security number.

The U.S. Armed forces accept used the Social Security number equally an identification number for Army and Air Force personnel since July 1, 1969, the Navy and Marine Corps for their personnel since January 1, 1972, and the Declension Baby-sit for their personnel since October 1, 1974.^[13] Previously, the United States military machine used a much more complicated organization of service numbers that varied by service.

Beginning in June 2011, the DOD began removing the Social Security number from military machine identification cards, replacing them with a unique DOD identification number, formally known as the EDIPI.^[14]

Non-universal status [edit]

An sometime Social Security bill of fare with the "non for identification" message

Social Security was originally a universal tax, but when Medicare was passed in 1965, objecting religious groups in existence prior to 1951 were allowed to opt out of the system.^[15] Because of this, non every American is part of the Social Security plan, and not anybody has a number. However, a Social Security number is required for parents to claim their children equally dependents for federal income tax purposes,^[12] and the Internal Acquirement Service requires all corporations to obtain SSNs (or alternative identifying numbers) from their employees, every bit described below. The Old Order Amish accept fought to prevent universal Social Security past overturning rules such equally a requirement to provide a Social Security number for a hunting license.^[16]

Social Security cards printed from January 1946 until January 1972 expressly stated that people should not use the number and carte du jour for identification.^[17] Since nearly everyone in the United States now has an SSN, information technology became convenient to use information technology anyhow and the message was removed.^[18]

Since then, Social Security numbers take become de facto national identification numbers.^[2] Although some people do non take an SSN assigned to them, it is condign increasingly difficult to appoint in legitimate financial activities such equally applying for a loan or a bank account without one.^[19] While the authorities cannot require an individual to disclose their SSN without a legal basis, companies may pass up to provide service to an individual who does not provide an SSN.^{[20] [21]} The card on which an SSN is issued is nonetheless non suitable for chief identification as it has no photograph, no physical description, and no birth date. All it does is ostend that a detail number has been issued to a detail name. Instead, a commuter's license or state ID carte du jour is used as an identification for adults.

Use required for federal taxation purposes [edit]

Social Security carte du jour with fable "for Social Security and tax purposes" (1961)

Internal Revenue Code section 6109(d) provides: "The social security account number issued to an private for purposes of section 205(c)(2)(A) of the Social Security Act [codified as 42 United states of americaC. § 405(c)(2)(A)] shall, except equally shall otherwise be specified under regulations of the Secretary [of the Treasury or his delegate], be used as the identifying number for such individual for purposes of this title [the Internal Acquirement Code, title 26 of the The states Lawmaking]."^[22]

The Internal Acquirement Code also provides, when required past regulations prescribed by the secretarial assistant of the treasury or their delegate:

• Inclusion in returns: Any person required nether the authority of this title to make a render, statement, or other document shall include in such return, argument, or other document such identifying number as may be prescribed for securing proper identification of such person.
• Furnishing number to other persons: Any person with respect to whom a return, argument, or other document is required nether the authorisation of this title to be fabricated by some other person or whose identifying number is required to be shown on a return of some other person shall furnish to such other person such identifying number as may be prescribed for securing their proper identification.^[23]

Co-ordinate to U.S. Treasury regulations, any person who, after October 31, 1962, works as an employee for wages field of study to Social Security taxes, Medicare taxes, or U.S. federal income tax withholdings is required to apply for "an business relationship number" using Form SS-five.^[24]

A taxpayer who is not eligible to take a Social Security number must obtain an alternative Taxpayer Identification Number.

[edit]

Iv different classifications of Social Security cards are issued. Such cards are issued past geographic location (SSN Expanse Number) to:

1. persons of natural nascency within the territorial boundaries of whatsoever one of the member States of the Usa of America;
2. persons who become U.S. citizens by adjuration, or birth within the sectional legislative or territorial jurisdiction of the U.Due south. government;
3. persons who become U.S. permanent residents;
4. persons with certain restrictions.

In that location are two restricted types of Social Security cards:

• One reads "not valid for employment." Such cards cannot be used as proof of work potency, and are non acceptable as a List C document on the I-ix form.
• The other reads "valid for work only with DHS authorization", or the older, "valid for work but with INS dominance." These cards are issued to people who have temporary piece of work authorization in the U.S from the Section of Homeland Security -- the nation's border agency. They can satisfy the I-9 requirement, if they are accompanied past a work authorization card.

The cards normally display the cardholder's proper name and number.

In 2004 Congress passed The Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act; parts of which mandated that the Social Security Administration redesign the SSN card to prevent forgery. From Apr 2006 through August 2007, the SSA and Authorities Printing Office (GPO) employees were assigned to redesign the Social Security number bill of fare to the specifications of the Interagency Task Force created past the commissioner of Social Security in consultation with the secretary of Homeland Security.

The new SSN card pattern utilizes both covert and overt security features created by the SSA and GPO design teams.

Identity theft [edit]

Many citizens and privacy advocates are concerned about the disclosure and processing of Social Security numbers. Furthermore, researchers at Carnegie Mellon Academy have demonstrated an algorithm that uses publicly available personal data to reconstruct a given SSN.^[25]

The SSN is often used by those involved in identity theft. This is because information technology is interconnected with many other forms of identification and people asking for it treat it as an authenticator. Financial institutions by and large require an SSN to ready bank accounts, credit cards, and loans—partly considering they assume that no one except the person it was issued to knows information technology.

Exacerbating the trouble of using the Social Security number every bit an identifier is the fact that the Social Security card contains no biometric identifiers of whatever sort, making it essentially incommunicable to tell whether a person using a sure SSN truly belongs to someone without relying on other documentation (which may itself have been falsely procured through utilise of the fraudulent SSN). Congress has proposed federal laws that restrict the use of SSNs for identification and bans their utilize for a number of commercial purposes—e.thousand., rental applications.^[26]

The Internal Revenue Service (IRS) offers alternatives to SSNs in some places where providing untrusted parties with identification numbers is essential. Tax return preparers must obtain and employ a Preparer Tax Identification Number (PTIN) to include on their client'due south tax returns (every bit part of signature requirements).^[27] 24-hour interval care services have tax benefits, and even a sole proprietor should requite parents an EIN (employer identification number) to utilize on their tax return.

The Social Security Administration has suggested that, if asked to provide their Social Security number, a denizen should enquire which law requires its use.^[28] In accordance with §7213 of the 9/11 Commission Implementation Deed of 2004 and 20 CFR 422.103, the number of replacement Social Security cards per person is generally express to iii per calendar yr and ten in a lifetime.^[28]

Identity confusion has also occurred considering of the employ of local Social Security numbers past the Federated States of Micronesia, the Democracy of the Republic of the marshall islands, and the Republic of Palau, whose numbers overlap with those of residents of New Hampshire and Maine.^[29]

Similarly, Social Security numbers are often valued information for hackers to gain in attacks such as social engineering attacks, where attackers attempt and manipulate people into disclosing private information. For example, in the social engineering science attack involving Hewlett-Packard, executives hired individual investigators to dispense phone companies into disclosing calling information and social security numbers of employees they suspected were leaking data to the press.

Replacement numbers [edit]

A person can request a new Social Security number, but only under sure conditions:^[xxx]

• Where sequential numbers assigned to members of the same family are causing bug.
• In the event of duplicates having been issued.
• In cases where the person has been a victim of domestic violence or harassment, and there is a clear need to alter their number for their personal condom.^[31]
• When a person has been a victim of identity theft, and his/her Social Security number continues to be problematic.
• Where a person has a demonstrable religious objection to a number (such equally certain Christians being averse to the number 666).

For all of these weather, apparent third-political party evidence such as a restraining social club or police report is required.

Structure [edit]

The Social Security number is a nine-digit number in the format "AAA-GG-SSSS".^[32] The number is divided into three parts: the beginning three digits, known as the area number because they were formerly assigned by geographical region; the eye 2 digits, known every bit the group number; and the final four digits, known as the serial number.

On June 25, 2011, the SSA changed the SSN assignment procedure to "SSN randomization".^[33] SSN randomization afflicted the SSN assignment process in the following ways:

• It eliminated the geographical significance of the get-go three digits of the SSN, referred to as the area number, past no longer allocating specific numbers by state for assignment to individuals.
• It eliminated the significance of the highest grouping number assigned for each surface area number, and, every bit a result, the Loftier Group Listing is frozen in time and can be used for validation of only those SSNs issued prior to the randomization implementation date.
• Previously unassigned area numbers have been introduced for assignment, excluding area numbers 000, 666 and 900–999.

Because Individual Taxpayer Identification Numbers (ITINs) are issued by the IRS, they were not affected by this SSA change.

Historical construction [edit]

Prior to the 2011 randomization process, the first three digits or expanse numbers were assigned by geographical region. Prior to 1973, cards were issued in local Social Security offices effectually the state and the area number represented the role lawmaking where the card was issued. This did not necessarily have to be in the area where the applicant lived, since a person could apply for their card in whatever Social Security office. Beginning in 1973, when the SSA began assigning SSNs and issuing cards centrally from Baltimore, the expanse number was assigned based on the ZIP Code in the mailing address provided on the application for the original Social Security menu. The applicant's mailing address did not have to be the same as their identify of residence. Thus, the area number did not necessarily represent the state of residence of the applicant regardless of whether the card was issued prior to, or later, 1973.

Generally, numbers were assigned beginning in the northeast and moving south and westward, so that people applying from addresses on the east coast had the everyman numbers and those on the west coast had the highest numbers. As the areas assigned to a locality were exhausted, new areas from the pool were assigned, so some states had noncontiguous groups of numbers.

The middle two digits or group number range from 01 to 99. Even earlier SSN randomization, the group numbers were not assigned consecutively within an expanse. Instead, for administrative reasons, group numbers were issued in the following order:^[34]

1. odd numbers from 01 through 09
2. even numbers from 10 through 98
3. fifty-fifty numbers from 02 through 08
4. odd numbers from 11 through 99

Every bit an example, grouping number 98 would be issued earlier eleven.

The last iv digits, which are serial numbers, "are the most important to protect" and they tin "open up credit in your name, steal your money" and more than.^[35] Before SSN randomization took effect, they represented a straight numerical sequence of digits from 0001 to 9999 within the group.

Valid SSNs [edit]

Prior to June 25, 2011, a valid SSN could not have an area number between 734 and 749, or higher up 772, the highest area number the Social Security Administration had allocated. Effective June 25, 2011, the SSA assigns SSNs randomly and allows for the consignment of surface area numbers between 734 and 749 and above 772 through the 800s.^[36] This should not be confused with Tax Identification Numbers (TINs), which include additional surface area numbers.^[37]

Some special numbers are never allocated:

• Numbers with all zeros in any digit group (000-##-####, ###-00-####, ###-##-0000).^{[38] [39]}
• Numbers with 666 or 900–999 (Individual Taxpayer Identification Number) in the start digit group.^[38]

Until 2011, the SSA published the final group number used for each expanse number.^[40] Since group numbers were allocated in a regular pattern, it was possible to identify an unissued SSN that independent an invalid grouping number. Now numbers are assigned randomly, and fraudulent SSNs are not hands detectable with publicly bachelor information. Many online services, however, provide SSN validation.

Unlike many similar numbers, no check digit is included.

Exhaustion and re-use [edit]

The Social Security Assistants does not reuse Social Security numbers. Information technology has issued over 450 meg since the start of the program, and at a use rate of near five.5 million per year. It says it has enough to last several generations without reuse or changing the number of digits.^[41] Withal, at that place have been instances where multiple individuals accept been inadvertently assigned the aforementioned Social Security number.^[42]

SSNs used in advertising [edit]

Some SSNs used in advertising have rendered those numbers invalid. One famous instance of this occurred in 1938 when the E. H. Ferree Company in Lockport, New York, decided to promote its product by showing how a Social Security card would fit into its wallets. A sample menu, used for display purposes, was placed in each wallet, which was sold by Woolworth and other department stores across the land; the wallet manufacturer's vice president and treasurer Douglas Patterson used the actual SSN of his secretarial assistant, Hilda Schrader Whitcher.

Fifty-fifty though the card was printed in red (the existent card is printed in blue) and had "specimen" printed across the front, many people used Whitcher's SSN as their own. The Social Security Administration's account of the incident besides claims that the imitation card was half the size of a real card, despite a miniature card being useless for its purpose and despite Whitcher'due south property two cards of apparently identical size in the accompanying photograph. Over fourth dimension, the number that appeared (078-05-1120) has been claimed by a total of over 40,000 people as their ain.^[43] The SSA initiated an advertising campaign stating that information technology was incorrect to employ the number (Hilda Whitcher was issued a new SSN). However, the number was found to exist in apply by 12 individuals equally late equally 1977.^[43]

More recently, Todd Davis distributed his SSN in advertisements for his company'due south LifeLock identity theft protection service, which allowed his identity to be stolen over a dozen times.^{[44] [45]}

[edit]

List showing the geographical location of the kickoff iii digits of the Social Security numbers assigned in the United States and its territories from 1973 until June 25, 2011. Repeated numbers indicate that they accept been transferred to some other location or they're shared by more one location.

On June 25, 2011, the SSA changed the SSN assignment process to "SSN randomization".^[46] SSN randomization affects the SSN consignment process. Among its changes, it eliminates the geographical significance of the showtime iii digits of the SSN, previously referred to as the Area Number, past no longer allocating the Area Numbers for assignment to individuals in specific states.

SSN area number	Location[47]
001–003	New Hampshire
004–007	Maine
008–009	Vermont
010–034	Massachusetts
035–039	Rhode Island
040–049	Connecticut
050–134	New York
135–158	New Jersey
159–211	Pennsylvania
212–220	Maryland
221–222	Delaware
223–231	Virginia
232–236	W Virginia
232, 237–246	North Carolina
247–251	Due south Carolina
252–260	Georgia
261–267	Florida
268–302	Ohio
303–317	Indiana
318–361	Illinois
362–386	Michigan
387–399	Wisconsin
400–407	Kentucky
408–415	Tennessee
416–424	Alabama
425–428	Mississippi
429–432	Arkansas
433–439	Louisiana
440–448	Oklahoma
449–467	Texas
468–477	Minnesota
478–485	Iowa
486–500	Missouri
501–502	North Dakota
503–504	S Dakota
505–508	Nebraska
509–515	Kansas
516–517	Montana
518–519	Idaho
520	Wyoming
521–524	Colorado
525, 585	New Mexico
526–527	Arizona
528–529	Utah
530, 680	Nevada
531–539	Washington
540–544	Oregon
545–573	California
574	Alaska
575–576	Hawaii
577–579	District of Columbia
580	U.S. Virgin Islands
580–584	Puerto Rico
586	Pacific Ocean territories Guam American Samoa Philippine Islands (under U.S. rule until 1946) Northern Mariana Islands
587–665	California (Southern California and the Central Valley) & US Military machine Bases Worldwide
667–679	Not issued
681–699	Not issued
700–728	Railroad Retirement Board (discontinued July 1, 1963)
729–730	Enumeration at entry
750-751	Hawaii
752-755	Mississippi
756-763	Tennessee
764-765	Arizona
766-772	Florida

Run across as well [edit]

• Death Master File
• National identification number
• Personally identifiable information

References [edit]

1. ^ Pickett, Carolyn (2009). "The Story of the Social Security Number". Social Security Bulletin. Vol. 69, no. 2. United States Social Security Administration. Retrieved October 19, 2018.
2. ^ ^{a b} Kouri, Jim (March 9, 2005). "Social Security Cards: De Facto National Identification". American Chronicle. Archived from the original on June 29, 2012. Retrieved Oct 19, 2018.
3. ^ 20 CFR 422.103(b)
4. ^ "Social Security: Chronology". United States Social Security Administration. Retrieved October 19, 2018.
5. ^ "The "Get-go" Social Security Number; The Lowest Number". Social Security History. Us Social Security Administration. Retrieved October 19, 2018.
6. ^ "First Applicant on Alimony List". Ogden Standard Examiner. Ogden, Utah. December two, 1936. p. viii. Retrieved October 19, 2018.
7. ^ Long, Wayne S. (Spring 1993). "Social Security Numbers Issued: A 20-Year Review" (PDF). Social Security Journal. 56 (1): 82. Retrieved October 19, 2018.
8. ^ Goldberg, Jack (October 17, 1993). "A strategy for assembling samples of adult twin pairs in the United States". Statistics in Medicine. 12 (18): 1693–1702. doi:10.1002/sim.4780121805. PMID 8248662. Retrieved October 19, 2018.
9. ^ "Tax Reform Act of 1986". Social Security History. United States Social Security Administration. Retrieved October 19, 2018.
10. ^ Liebman, Jeffrey B. (Dec 2000). "Who Are the Ineligible EITC Recipients?" (PDF). National Tax Journal. 53 (4): 1165–1186. doi:10.17310/ntj.2000.4S1.06. JSTOR 41789513. S2CID 35405024.
11. ^ "Social Security Number Chronology". Social Security Assistants. Retrieved October xix, 2018.
12. ^ ^{a b} "Social Security Numbers For Children". Social Security Administration. December 2017. Retrieved Oct nineteen, 2018.
13. ^ "Service Numbers and Social Security Numbers". National Archives. 2016-08-15. Retrieved October 19, 2018.
14. ^ Garamone, Jim (April 4, 2011). "DOD removes SSAN from ID cards". U.S. Ground forces . Retrieved Oct 19, 2018.
15. ^ ""Pay Unto Caesar": The Amish & Social Security". AmishNews.com. Retrieved October 19, 2018.
16. ^ "Amish decline giving Social Security numbers to get licenses". The Chippewa Herald. August 30, 1999. Retrieved October 19, 2018.
17. ^ "Version History". Social Security History. United states of america Social Security Administration. Archived from the original on June 29, 2012. Retrieved October xix, 2018.
18. ^ Pear, Robert (July 26, 1998). "The Nation; Non for Identification Purposes (Merely Kidding)". The New York Times . Retrieved October 19, 2018.
19. ^ "Social Security Number Not Required". Scribd.com. April 29, 2008. Retrieved October nineteen, 2018.
20. ^ Mullen, Charles H. (March 18, 1998). "Letter to Mr. Scott McDonald". Role of Public Enquiries, Social Security Administration. Retrieved October 19, 2018.
21. ^ "Can I turn down to give my Social Security number to a private business?". Often Asked Questions. United States Social Security Administration. May 18, 2018. Retrieved October 19, 2018.
22. ^ 26 U.S.C. § 6109(d)
23. ^ 26 U.s.C. § 6109(a)
24. ^ 26 C.F.R. sec. 31.6011(b)-2(a)(1)(ii)
25. ^ Timmer, John (July 17, 2009). "New algorithm guesses SSNs using date and place of nativity". Ars Technica. Retrieved Oct 19, 2018.
26. ^ Broache, Anne. "Congress may slap restrictions on SSN employ - CNET News". News.cnet.com. Archived from the original on 2012-07-11. Retrieved October 19, 2018.
27. ^ "PTIN Requirements for Tax Return Preparers | Internal Revenue Service". www.irs.gov . Retrieved 2021-02-twenty .
28. ^ ^{a b} "Your Social Security Number And Card, "How can I protect my Social Security number?"". Social Security Administration. Retrieved Oct 19, 2018.
29. ^ Meyer, Nib (August 17, 2009). "How many Americans' Social Security numbers were officially duplicated for Pacific islanders?". The Plain Dealer. Retrieved Oct nineteen, 2018.
30. ^ "Can I modify my Social Security number?". Social Security Assistants . Retrieved October 19, 2018.
31. ^ "New Numbers for Domestic Violence Victims" (PDF). Social Security Assistants . Retrieved October 19, 2018.
32. ^
33. ^ "Social Security Number Randomization". Socialsecurity.gov. Retrieved October xix, 2018.
34. ^ "The SSN Numbering Scheme". SocialSecurity.gov. Retrieved October 19, 2018.
35. ^ "Did you know…? The final iv digits of your Social Security ..."
36. ^ "Social Security Number Allocations". Social Security Administration. Retrieved October 19, 2018.
37. ^ "Taxpayer Identification Numbers (TIN)". Internal Acquirement Service. May 2, 2018. Retrieved Oct 19, 2018.
38. ^ ^{a b} "Social Security Number Randomization". Social Security Administration. Retrieved Oct nineteen, 2018.
39. ^ "RM 10201.035 Invalid Social Security Numbers (SSNs)". Programme Operations Manual System (POMS). U.s. Social Security Administration. June 23, 2011. Retrieved Oct 19, 2018.
40. ^ "High Group List And Other Ways To Make up one's mind If An SSN Is Valid". Social Security Assistants. Retrieved October xix, 2018.
41. ^ "Q20: Are Social Security numbers reused later on a person dies?". United states Social Security Administration. Retrieved October nineteen, 2018.
42. ^ Noyes, Katherine (Nov 12, 2015). "A tale of two women: same birthday, aforementioned Social Security number, same big-data mess". PC Earth. Retrieved October 19, 2018.
43. ^ ^{a b} "Social Security Cards Issued by Woolworth". Social Security Assistants. Retrieved October 19, 2018.
44. ^ Zetter, Kim (May xviii, 2010). "LifeLock CEO's Identity Stolen 13 Times". Wired . Retrieved October 19, 2018.
45. ^ Vijayan, Jaikumar (May 19, 2010). "LifeLock CEO said to be victim of identity theft 13 times". ComputerWorld . Retrieved October 19, 2018.
46. ^ "Social Security Number Randomization". SocialSecurity.gov. Retrieved Oct 19, 2018.
47. ^ "Social Security Number Allocations". www.ssa.gov . Retrieved October xix, 2018.

External links [edit]

• Social Security Administration
• United States Social Security Death Index—Database list over 85 1000000 SSNs, all of which entered the public domain upon the death of their owners
• "Woolworth SSN Card"—"The background of the most misused Social Security number in history" at Snopes
• Social Security Cards Issued by Woolworth: "The most misused SSN of all time was (078-05-1120)."
• Complete list of surface area number groups from the Social Security Administration
• Social Security Administration's FAQ for Social Security Numbers
• Social Security card awarding
• Hearing on Removing Social Security Numbers from Medicare Cards—Joint Hearing before the Subcommittee on Social Security and Subcommittee on Wellness of the Commission on Ways and Means, U.S. Business firm of Representatives, One Hundred Twelfth Congress, 2d Session, August 1, 2012
• How to Supersede a Lost or Stolen Security Card
• Puckett, Carolyn (2009). "The Story of the Social Security Number". Social Security Message. 69 (2): 55–74. PMID 19697506. Retrieved October 19, 2018. (PDF version)

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Security_number

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